Thomas D. Raedeke and Alan L. Smith met in 1993 at the University of Oregon, where they shared an office as graduate students in the Department of Exercise and Movement Science. Their mutual interests in motivational processes in sport led to their later collaboration on the development of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ), which built from Raedeke’s doctoral dissertation research on commitment and burnout in adolescent swimmers. That work received the 1995 National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) Sport Psychology Academy and 1996 Association for...

Thomas D. Raedeke and Alan L. Smith met in 1993 at the University of Oregon, where they shared an office as graduate students in the Department of Exercise and Movement Science. Their mutual interests in motivational processes in sport led to their later collaboration on the development of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ), which built from Raedeke’s doctoral dissertation research on commitment and burnout in adolescent swimmers. That work received awards in 1995 from the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) Sport Psychology Academy and in...

Allan Paivio is the author of a general theory of cognition, called dual coding theory, which assumes that all human cognition entails the cooperative activity of multimodal verbal and nonverbal (especially imagery) processing systems.

Diane E. Stevens, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Physical Education and Kinesiology at Brock University in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.

Craig Hall, PhD, has been conducting research in sport and exercise psychology for over 25 years.

The late Albert Carron, PhD, was a professor in the School of Kinesiology at the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario.

The late Albert Carron, PhD, was a professor in the School of Kinesiology at the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario.